List: Godan verb with 'ru' ending
search-only kanji form usually written using kana alone godan verb godan verb (archaic) verb (generic) transitive verb intransitive verb
- to model (something) on, to be modelled on, to be made in the shape of, to take the shape of, to imitate
- to symbolize, to represent
JLPT N1 pre-noun adjectival adjective (generic) godan verb godan verb (archaic) intransitive verb
- next (e.g. "next April"), forthcoming, coming
- to come, to arrive, to be due to
usually written using kana alone godan verb godan verb (archaic) verb (generic) intransitive verb
- to smoke, to smoulder, to smolder, to sputter
- to be sooty, to be smoke-stained
- to smoulder (e.g. a dispute), to smolder
- to seclude oneself
- to live in obscurity, to stay in the same level (of social position, circumstances, etc.)
godan verb godan verb (archaic) verb (generic) intransitive verb
- to stiffen, to harden
irregular kanji usage search-only kanji form expression godan verb godan verb (archaic) verb (generic)
- to annoy, to irritate, to cause offence, to provoke, to get on someone's nerves
godan verb godan verb (archaic) verb (generic) transitive verb
- to cut by abrasion, to cut by rubbing
- to use up (all one's money)
godan verb godan verb (archaic) verb (generic) intransitive verb
- to draw close to, to edge up to, to snuggle up to, to nestle close to, to cuddle with, to draw closer to
rarely used kana form rarely used kanji form search-only kanji form godan verb godan verb (archaic) verb (generic) intransitive verb
- to shut oneself in (one's house, room, etc.), to confine oneself (to)
- to barricade oneself (in a building), to entrench oneself, to hole up, to hold (a castle, etc.)
search-only kanji form godan verb godan verb (archaic) verb (generic) intransitive verb
- to hang down, to dangle
search-only kanji form godan verb godan verb (archaic) verb (generic) intransitive verb
- to creep about, to crawl around