List: Godan verb with 'ru' ending
popular godan verb godan verb (archaic) verb (generic) intransitive verb
- to hesitate to say, to mumble, to hem and haw, to falter
popular rarely used kanji form JLPT N2 usually written using kana alone godan verb godan verb (archaic) verb (generic) transitive verb
- to rub, to scrub, to scrape
popular search-only kanji form godan verb godan verb (archaic) verb (generic) transitive verb
- to give up (an idea or plan), to abandon, to refrain from (doing), to change one's mind
popular godan verb godan verb (archaic) verb (generic) intransitive verb
- to suddenly understand (esp. on basis of experience or memory), to come to mind, to recall (in a flash), to be reminded of, to call to mind, to think of, to strike on, to hit on an answer, to seize the crux of a problem
popular usually written using kana alone expression noun or verb acting prenominally adjective (generic) godan verb godan verb (archaic)
- depending on the circumstances
- due to (with modifying verb)
popular rarely used kanji form JLPT N3 usually written using kana alone godan verb godan verb (archaic) verb (generic) transitive verb
- to scold, to chide, to rebuke, to reprimand
popular JLPT N2 godan verb godan verb (archaic) verb (generic) transitive verb
- to kick
- to refuse, to reject
- to stamp (on the ground), to firmly press one's feet (against something)
popular usually written using kana alone godan verb godan verb (archaic) verb (generic) intransitive verb
- to gather, to crowd round, to swarm, to flock
- to sponge (off someone), to scrounge, to pester (someone for something), to bum, to cadge
- to extort, to take (money) through intimidation
popular JLPT N1 godan verb godan verb (archaic) verb (generic) transitive verb
- to write down (what someone says), to take down dictation, to take notes (e.g. of a lecture)
- to copy out (a text)
popular JLPT N1 godan verb godan verb (archaic) verb (generic) intransitive verb
- to be harmful to, to hinder, to interfere with, to irritate